How to Choose the Right Dog for You: Key Considerations and Questions to Ask

Choosing the perfect dog breed is an exciting and important decision! Whether you're looking at purebred dogs or mixed breeds, it's crucial to consider several factors to ensure your new furry friend fits seamlessly into your life. This guide will walk you through the key points to ponder and offer a list of essential questions to ask breeders or rescue organizations.

As you explore your options, weigh the importance of each consideration against others. For example, is the size of the dog more crucial to you than its noise level? Or does the dog's appearance matter more than its friendliness with other dogs? Think about "would you rather" scenarios, for example: would you prefer a small dog that barks frequently or a large dog that's quiet indoors? Playing a "would you rather" game can help you quickly identify the compromises you're willing to make and what's a deal breaker for you.

By reflecting on these aspects, you'll be better equipped to find a canine companion that truly matches your lifestyle and preferences. Let's dive in!

Key Considerations When Choosing a Dog Breed

Size

The size of a dog can affect many aspects of your daily life, including space requirements, feeding costs, and suitability for children or elderly family members. Would you prefer a small, medium, large, or extra-large dog? Smaller breeds like Chihuahuas and Pomeranians are easier to manage in apartments, while larger breeds such as Golden Retrievers and Labradors often need more space and exercise.

Grooming

Grooming needs can range from minimal to extensive. Would you prefer a dog with low grooming requirements or one that needs regular professional grooming? Breeds like Beagles and Boxers have short coats that are easy to maintain, whereas breeds like Doodles, Poodles, and Shih Tzus require regular grooming to keep their coats in good condition. The cost of grooming runs between $60-$200 per visit, with many dogs needing to visit the groomer every 1-2 months. This expense can quickly add up, costing between $360-$1,200 a year. Consider whether you’d rather deal with a dog that sheds moderately or pay for regular grooming sessions.

Shedding and Allergies

When choosing a dog, it's essential to consider how much shedding you can tolerate and whether anyone in your household has allergies. Would you prefer a dog that sheds moderately or one that is more hypoallergenic but may require more grooming?

Low-shedding breeds, like Poodles and Bichon Frises, are often recommended for people with allergies. In contrast, Labrador Retrievers and German Shepherds are known to shed more. It's important to note, however, that no dog is completely hypoallergenic. Allergic reactions are typically caused by a protein found in a dog's saliva and skin. Since all dogs produce saliva and have skin, there isn't a breed that is entirely safe for allergy sufferers.

That said, dogs that shed less are generally better for people with allergies because there is less hair carrying skin particles (dander) floating around. Regular grooming and cleaning can help manage shedding and reduce allergens in your home, making it more comfortable for those with sensitivities.

Attitude Toward Children

If you have children or plan to have them, a dog’s temperament around kids is a crucial consideration. Would you prefer a dog that is very friendly towards children or one that is more neutral? Breeds like Golden Retrievers and Boxers are known for their friendly and tolerant nature with kids, making them popular choices for families. On the other hand, some smaller breeds may be more cautious and less forgiving of children's behavior.

It's important to note that every dog has the potential to bite, so proper socialization and training are essential for every dog. Studies show that most dog bites in children come from dogs they are familiar with. According to the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), more than half of dog bites occur at home with dogs known to the children (The Academy of Pet Careers). Similarly, research published in the "Journal of Pediatric Health Care" found that familiar dogs are often involved in bite incidents (The Academy of Pet Careers).

Additionally, consider that some breeds who are excellent with kids but also protective may become wary or defensive when other children visit. For instance, a dog that is friendly, loving and gentle with its own family's children might become alarmed if unfamiliar children come over and engage in rough play.

Proper training and socialization can mitigate these risks. Teaching children how to interact respectfully and safely with dogs is equally important. This comprehensive approach can help ensure a harmonious relationship between your dog and children.

Exercise Requirements

Different dog breeds have varying exercise needs, so it's important to consider how much physical activity you can provide. Would you prefer a dog that requires moderate exercise or one that needs a lot of physical activity? Breeds like Bulldogs and Basset Hounds generally need less exercise and are content with shorter, more relaxed walks. In contrast, breeds like Border Collies and Australian Shepherds require extensive daily exercise and mental stimulation due to their high energy levels and working dog backgrounds.

If you're not naturally an active person but have the means to hire a dog walker or send your dog to daycare regularly, dogs with higher exercise requirements could still be a good choice if they meet your other criteria. Regular exercise is essential for a dog’s physical and mental health, helping to prevent obesity, behavioral problems, and other health issues. Neglecting a dog's exercise needs can lead to significant and destructive behavioral issues, such as chewing, excessive barking, and hyperactivity. Therefore, it's crucial to ensure that your dog's exercise requirements are met to maintain a happy, well-adjusted pet and a harmonious home.

Mental Stimulation

All dogs need some form of mental enrichment on a daily basis, but some require much more than others. Typically, the more intelligent the dog, the more mental enrichment they need to stay happy and healthy. Providing your dog with mental enrichment activities, whether it is longer sniffy walks, games, puzzle toys, or doggy play dates, requires your time and effort. You need to decide how much effort and time you are willing to put into offering a variety of mental enrichment activities.

Dogs with high mental enrichment needs love having a "job" or challenging tasks, which often involves a bigger investment in time and money. This can include activities like formal nose work classes, agility, volunteer search and rescue, and more. Without adequate mental stimulation, these dogs can become bored and develop destructive behaviors.

Choosing a breed that matches your ability to provide mental enrichment is crucial for both your and your dog's happiness. If you're ready to engage in regular training and interactive play, a highly intelligent breed could be a perfect fit. Otherwise, a more relaxed breed with lower mental enrichment needs might be better suited to your lifestyle.

Risk of Aggression Toward People

A dog's tendency towards aggression can vary widely. Would you prefer a dog with a low risk of aggression towards people, or are you comfortable with the socialization and training requirements of a breed that may be more wary of people and pose a higher risk of aggression if not properly trained and socialized?

It's important to note that every dog needs thorough socialization to respond appropriately to new situations in their daily lives. Some breeds, especially those bred to be more protective, require significant socialization because they are more acutely aware of their surroundings. Breeds like German Shepherds, Rottweilers, and Doberman Pinschers may be more protective and need extensive socialization and training to ensure they make appropriate decisions about who poses a risk to you, your family, or your property.

If you find comfort in having a more protective dog, it's essential to commit to their socialization and training to prevent potential aggressive behaviors. This involves exposing them to various environments, people, and situations from a young age and continuing this practice throughout their life. Ensuring that they will make the right choices about who may pose a risk is key to having a well-adjusted and safe companion.

Risk of Aggression Toward Other Dogs

If you have other pets, frequent dog parks, or plan to board your dog when you go on vacation, consider how your new dog will interact with other dogs. Would you prefer a dog with a low risk of aggression towards other dogs, or one that may need more supervision? If you plan to get a dog with high exercise requirements and intend to use a dog walking service to meet those needs, selecting a dog with a higher risk of aggression towards other dogs could be problematic. Dog walkers and daycares often refuse dogs with aggression or reactivity issues, which could leave you without essential support for meeting your dog’s exercise requirements.

Breeds like Labrador Retrievers and Beagles tend to be sociable and are generally known for their friendly disposition towards other dogs. Labs are often praised for their easygoing and playful nature, making them a popular choice for families and multi-pet households. Beagles and other hounds, being pack animals, usually enjoy the company of other dogs and are known for their gentle and friendly behavior.

On the other hand, some breeds, particularly terriers, can be more territorial and may require more careful supervision around other dogs. Terriers were often bred for hunting and guarding, which can make them more prone to displaying dominance or territorial behavior. Breeds like Jack Russell Terriers and Scottish Terriers may be more likely to assert themselves, which can lead to conflicts if not properly managed.

Proper socialization is key for any dog, regardless of breed, to ensure they can interact appropriately with other dogs. Introducing your dog to a variety of social situations from a young age can help them develop the social skills needed to get along with other pets and dogs they meet.

Risk of Aggression Toward Cats

If you have cats, choosing a dog that gets along with them is important. Would you prefer a dog with a low risk of aggression towards cats? Breeds like Golden Retrievers and Poodles are generally good with cats due to their gentle and friendly nature. Golden Retrievers are known for their even temperaments and affectionate behavior, making them more likely to coexist peacefully with cats. Poodles are also intelligent and adaptable, often getting along well with feline companions.

On the other hand, some breeds have a higher prey drive, which can make living with cats more challenging. Breeds like Greyhounds and Jack Russell Terriers may have a stronger instinct to chase smaller animals. Greyhounds, historically bred for racing and hunting, have a natural inclination to chase moving objects, which can include cats. Jack Russell Terriers, bred for hunting and pest control, have a high prey drive and can be more persistent in chasing small animals.

The prey drive is an instinctual behavior in dogs, rooted in their history of hunting and survival. Dogs with a high prey drive are more likely to chase, capture, and potentially harm smaller animals like cats. This drive can be triggered by the sight, sound, or smell of prey and is stronger in some breeds due to their historical roles. Managing a dog with a high prey drive requires consistent training and supervision, especially in a household with cats.

Intelligence and Trainability

Consider how easy it will be to train your dog. Would you prefer a dog that is highly trainable or one that may be more independent? Breeds like Border Collies and German Shepherds are known for their intelligence and trainability. They excel in obedience training and are often eager to please their owners, making them easier to train. However, their high intelligence also means they require significant mental stimulation to stay happy and well-behaved.

On the other hand, breeds like Afghan Hounds and Basenjis can be more challenging to train due to their independent nature. These breeds often have a mind of their own and may not be as motivated by a desire to please their owners. Training these dogs requires more patience, consistency, and understanding, as they may only respond well to training on their terms.

It's important to note that more intelligent dogs typically have higher mental stimulation needs. Border Collies, for instance, thrive on complex tasks, while German Shepherds often excel in roles that require quick learning and problem-solving. If you're not prepared to provide the mental challenges these breeds need, you might end up with a bored and potentially destructive dog.

If you prefer a more relaxed training experience and are not ready to meet the demands of high mental stimulation, consider a breed that can learn basic commands but doesn't require extensive intellectual engagement.

Energy Level at Home

A dog's energy level can significantly impact your household's activity and noise levels. Would you prefer a dog with a high energy level at home or one that is more calm? Breeds like Jack Russell Terriers are very energetic and require a lot of activity to stay happy. They are known for their boundless energy and need for mental and physical stimulation. In contrast, breeds like Bulldogs are more relaxed and tend to enjoy a more laid-back lifestyle, making them better suited for quieter households.

If you want a dog with an "off switch" when you're hanging out at home, look for a breed that is less high-strung and alert to their environment while indoors. Note that just because a dog has high exercise requirements doesn’t mean they will also have a high energy level at home.

Consider how important this factor is compared to other considerations. For example, some low-shedding breeds might have trouble settling down at home, so you might prefer a dog that sheds slightly more but has a solid off switch. It's crucial to evaluate the importance of each characteristic and how it fits into your lifestyle.

Noise Level

Consider how much noise you can tolerate from your dog. Would you prefer a quiet dog or one that may be more vocal? Breeds like Basenjis are known for being quiet; they don't bark but can make other unique sounds like yodels. On the other hand, breeds like Beagles and Chihuahuas can be quite vocal. Beagles, originally bred for hunting, have a distinct howl and love the sound of their own voice. Chihuahuas, despite their small size, can be very alert and vocal, often barking at strangers or noises.

If you live in an apartment, it's essential to think about how your dog's vocal tendencies might affect your living situation. For instance, are you okay with your dog alert barking every time someone walks down the hall? This could be disruptive to both you and your neighbors.

Dogs' vocal behaviors can also be influenced by their environment and training. Some dogs may bark out of boredom, anxiety, or to alert their owners. Proper training and sufficient mental and physical stimulation can help manage excessive barking. However, it's crucial to consider the inherent tendencies of different breeds when choosing a dog.

Health

One of the most underrated considerations when choosing a dog is its health. Often, people are blinded by a dog’s physical appearance and cuteness, overlooking the health implications that come with certain breeds. Understanding genetic and structural issues typical of a breed is essential for making an informed decision. Knowing what health problems are likely to occur, as well as the financial and emotional burden they may cause, might lead you to reconsider your choice.

For example, you might be attracted to the laid-back nature and cute face of a Bulldog. However, Bulldogs are prone to Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS), which can cause severe breathing difficulties. Treating BOAS can be expensive, often costing thousands of dollars, and managing a dog with chronic breathing issues can be emotionally taxing. Are you comfortable with this possibility or would you rather a dog with higher exercise requirements and a longer nose?

Here are some common health issues associated with various breeds:

Bulldogs: Besides BOAS, Bulldogs are prone to hip dysplasia, skin infections, and heart problems. Their unique structure, while adorable, can lead to numerous health complications.
German Shepherds: Known for their intelligence and loyalty, German Shepherds are prone to hip and elbow dysplasia, which can lead to arthritis and mobility issues. They are also at risk for degenerative myelopathy, a progressive disease of the spinal cord.
Poodles: While generally healthy, Poodles can suffer from Addison’s disease, a disorder of the adrenal glands, as well as hip dysplasia and progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), which can lead to blindness.
Golden Retrievers: These popular family dogs are susceptible to hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, and certain types of cancer, such as hemangiosarcoma and lymphoma.
Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: This breed is prone to mitral valve disease, a serious heart condition, as well as syringomyelia, a painful condition where fluid-filled cavities develop within the spinal cord.

Considering the potential health issues of a breed, along with their associated costs, is crucial. Veterinary care for chronic conditions can be a significant financial burden, and managing a dog with health problems can be stressful and emotionally challenging.

Appearance

Appearance is often the primary consideration for many people when selecting a dog. While this focus on appearance is understandable, it can be unfortunate because a dog’s looks have little bearing on how well they will fit into your life and how compatible they are with you. Many people prioritize appearance so much that they become temporarily blinded to the realities of living with that dog.

Dogs come in various shapes, sizes, and colors, with a wide range of physical traits. Consider what physical characteristics are important to you, such as hair length, ear type, tail type, color, and nose length. Would you prefer a dog with specific appearance traits, or is appearance less important compared to other factors?

Here are some key points to consider regarding a dog's appearance and the implications for your lifestyle:

Hair Length and Type: Long-haired dogs like Shih Tzus and Afghan Hounds require regular grooming to prevent mats and tangles, while short-haired breeds like Beagles and Boxers are lower maintenance. Additionally, some dogs have double coats, which means they shed seasonally and require more brushing during those times. Dogs with beards, such as Schnauzers, often have a wet muzzle, so you can expect a wet lap at times!
Ear Type: Dogs with floppy ears, such as Basset Hounds and Cocker Spaniels, are prone to ear infections and require regular ear cleaning. Dogs with erect ears, like German Shepherds and Chihuahuas, generally have fewer ear problems.
Tail Type: Some breeds have long, expressive tails that can knock over objects, while others have short or curled tails. Consider how a dog's tail type might impact your home environment and whether you have delicate items that could be at risk.
Color: While color is primarily an aesthetic choice, it's worth noting that lighter-colored dogs may show dirt more easily, and some coat colors might be associated with specific health issues. For example, merle-patterned dogs can have a higher risk of deafness and vision problems.
Nose Length: Brachycephalic breeds (short-nosed) like Pugs and Bulldogs are prone to respiratory issues due to their shortened airways. These dogs may struggle in hot or humid weather, typically snore, and can have more health problems related to breathing. In contrast, breeds with longer noses, like Collies and Greyhounds, generally do not have these issues.

By focusing solely on appearance, you may overlook important factors such as temperament, energy level, and health considerations. For example, while you may be drawn to the sleek look of a Dalmatian, you should also consider their high energy levels and need for regular exercise and mental stimulation. It’s worth noting that if you do thorough research and consider breeds not typically found in North America, you might find a dog that matches your preferred aesthetic requirements and meets your needs for other considerations.

Ultimately, choosing a dog that aligns with your lifestyle, activity level, and family dynamics is more important than selecting based on appearance alone. Ensuring a good match will lead to a more fulfilling and harmonious relationship with your pet. To make a well-rounded decision, consider all aspects of a dog's needs and characteristics beyond just their physical traits.

Important Questions to Ask Breeders or Rescue Organizations

When you’ve narrowed down your most important considerations and understand what your deal breakers are, it’s essential to ask the right questions to ensure you’re getting a healthy and well-adjusted dog. Here are some questions to consider if you are planning on adopting a dog:

General Information

Background Information:

What is the dog's history? (e.g., stray, owner surrender, transfer from another shelter)
How long has the dog been with the rescue?
Has the dog been adopted out and returned? If so, why?

Medical History:

Is the dog spayed/neutered?
Has the dog been vaccinated? If so, which vaccinations?
Is the dog microchipped?
Has the dog been treated for any medical conditions? Are there any ongoing health issues?
Has the dog been tested for heartworms and other common illnesses?

Behavior and Temperament

Personality and Temperament:

How would you describe the dog's personality?
Is the dog good with children? Other dogs? Cats?
Does the dog have any known behavioral issues (e.g., separation anxiety, aggression, excessive barking)?
Has this dog's temperament been tested by a certified trainer or animal behaviorist?

Training and Socialization:

Is the dog house-trained?
Has the dog received any obedience training?
How does the dog behave on a leash?
Is the dog crate-trained?

Daily Life and Compatibility

Energy Level and Exercise Needs:

What is the dog's energy level?
How much exercise does the dog need each day?
What kind of play or activities does the dog enjoy?

Feeding and Care:

What type of food is the dog currently eating, and what is their feeding schedule?
Does the dog have any dietary restrictions or food allergies?

Living Situation:

Has the dog been in a foster home? If so, what was the living environment like (e.g., house, apartment, other pets)?
How does the dog handle being left alone?

Adoption Process and Support

Adoption Process:

What is the adoption fee, and what does it cover?
What is the process for adopting this dog? Are there home visits or interviews required?
What kind of support does the rescue provide post-adoption? (e.g., training resources, veterinary support)

Trial Period and Return Policy:

Is there a trial period to see if the dog is a good fit?
What is the return policy if the adoption does not work out?

Additional Considerations

References and Reviews:

Can you provide references or reviews from other people who have adopted from your organization?
Are there any testimonials or success stories about dogs adopted from your rescue?

Here are some questions to consider if you are planning on purchasing a puppy from breeder:

General Breeder Information

Breeding Practices:

How long have you been breeding this particular breed?
How many litters do you breed per year?
What is your breeding philosophy? (why are you breeding)

Facility and Care:

Can I meet the puppy’s parents?
Do the dogs that you are breeding live with you?

Health and Veterinary Care:

How do you ensure the health and well-being of the breeding dogs?
What health screenings do you perform on the breeding dogs?
Do you provide a health guarantee for the puppies?

Puppy-Specific Information

Health Screenings and Records:

What health screenings have been done on the puppy and its parents?
Can you provide veterinary records for the puppy and its parents?
What vaccinations and treatments (e.g., deworming) has the puppy received?

Genetic and Structural Issues:

Have the parents been screened for genetic health issues common in the breed?
Have any puppies from previous litters had health issues or died prematurely?

Socialization and Training:

How has the puppy been socialized? (e.g., exposure to children, other animals, different environments)
What basic training has the puppy received? (e.g., house training, basic commands)

Temperament and Behavior

Parent Information:

What do the dog’s parents do on a daily basis (e.g., show dogs, working dogs, family pets), and how do they behave around the house?
What are the dog’s parents' best and worst traits?
Can you describe the puppy’s temperament and the temperament of its parents?
Do your dogs have an “off switch” when they are hanging out at home?

Behavioral Testing:

Have any of your dogs shown any signs of aggression or reactivity towards people or other dogs?
Have any of your dogs shown any resource guarding behaviors?
Have any of your dogs shown any signs of separation anxiety?

Care and Maintenance

Feeding and Care:

What type of food is the puppy currently eating, and what is their feeding schedule?
Does the puppy have any dietary restrictions or food allergies?

Exercise Needs:

What is the puppy’s energy level?
How much exercise does this breed need each day in your opinion?
What kind of play or activities will the dog enjoy?
How much mental stimulation will this dog need?

Adoption Process and Support

Adoption Process:

What is the adoption process for one of your puppies?
What is the adoption fee, and what does it cover?

Return Policy and Support:

What is your return policy if the puppy doesn’t fit well with my family?
Do you offer support or resources for training and care after adoption?
Have you ever had any dogs returned, and if so, why?

References and Reviews

References:

Can you provide references or reviews from other people who have purchased puppies from you?
Are there any testimonials or success stories about dogs purchased from your breeding program?

Choosing the right dog breed involves careful consideration of various factors, including size, grooming needs, exercise requirements, temperament, and more. You can check out our comprehensive guide to dog breeds here. By asking detailed questions to breeders or rescue organizations, you can ensure that you select a dog that fits well with your lifestyle and family. Remember, whether you choose a purebred or mixed breed, the goal is to find a loving and compatible companion that will bring joy and enrichment to your life for many years to come.